Wednesday, August 29, 2018
The History of the Famine
The 1984 - 1985 famine in Ethiopia was
a significant famine in the history of Ethiopia. Drought and political
instability contributed to the severity of the famine, which is estimated to
have killed over one million people. Media activity in the West lead to Live
Aid which raised the international profile of the famine and helped secure
international aid.
A
food crisis that have been faced by the Ethiopia has led to the humanitarian
crisis. Millions of them are facing the shortage of water and food. The statistics
that related to this crisis. According to World Bank, current Ethiopia
population are 102.4 million in 2016.
The
records of 9.2 million people are expected not to have and get the regular
sources and access to drink the safe water in 2017. Estimation of 300,000
children will become severely malnourished.
Factors of Famine in Ethiopia
1.
Regarding the economy
This
occurred because of the population that been arise on the country which
approximately 80 million. The international food aid has provided Ethiopia with
a short-help, but there are agencies that said food aid has made Ethiopia far
too reliable on it and that using money for long-term solution should be
priorities.
Due
to the drought, the economy of the country is falling down which is lessened by
$1.1 billion each year. Before this, Ethiopian economy has been growing, but
because of the famine crisis, other circumstances have happened.
2. Climate
conditions
The
major sources of famine in Ethiopia is because of the heavy raining that not
stable that they received each year. This include the drought and floods.
However, the largest impact is to famine is more to drought disaster.
Drought
are more worst in some of the place that have destroy all of the plantation.
Majority of the people in Ethiopia cannot survive and produced their plantation
at all. Actually the drought has happened for almost 50 years until now
(Aislinn Laing,2016).
According
to the World Bank data, farmer’s production which is more on cereal production
has reduced by an average of 1 percent each year. This is because of the land
degradation and low fertility inputs and lands owners.
3.
Infrastructure
Ethiopian
Government already works to improve the infrastructure of the country like
builds roads so that they will engages with the food distributor easily. This is
what happened in Ethiopia now which they are lack of roads and transportation
and lead to this famine and it get into lack of communication of the food
distribution.
In
addition, because of the poor infrastructure in that country, the government
counter back the situation by allocating varieties of seeds such as like
vegetables, herbs, grains and many more.
The
government also provide the donor-funded welfare program and built the roads so
that the food supplies can easily reach to especially high famine affected area
in Ethiopia. After observation, the observers see that Ethiopia are actually
being no match and not suitable with the agricultural.
4. Disease
Disease
is the another factor that contribute to famine and malnutrition. According to
WordPress.com, many of the population is suffer from various disease because of
this famine. Adding most of them are onto the number of deaths. Even in
non-drought year, the Ethiopian population that die is 472,000 which is comes
from children because of the disease that preventable which is
malnutrition.
Millions
and more than that are having HIV/AIDS. The HIV/AIDS will become a disease to
them. In the large amount of Ethiopian are highly prone to various food and
waterborne illness such as Hepatitis A. As refer to Charles Patrick (2014),
Hepatitis A is an inflammatory disease of the liver caused by a virus.
There
also a vector borne disease such as like Malaria and respiratory disease. A
study of Elaine K. Luo (2017), malaria is a life-threatening disease. It is
transmitted through bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito.
The mosquito then carries the infected parasite and then released it into
bloodstream.
5.
Education
Another contributing factor to the famine in Ethiopia is the lack
of education. Not all of the people which lack of education is directly related
and being causes of Famine in Ethiopia. However, it does contribute. By lack
and no education in Ethiopia, it makes the children cannot grow up with the
basic knowledge of life and cannot survive and learn for further. Many of the
households cannot send their children to school because they not afford to do
so.
Illiteracy rate in the years of 1974, over 90% of Ethiopia had
estimated illiteracy rate (www.wordpress.com,2017).
Ethiopia country has low amount of institution such as like universities and
school which compared to other nations in Africa.
6. Political setting
There are many of wars happened during the 30-year war against
Ethiopian military dictatorship. As refer to Patrick Gilkes (2005), Ethiopia
and Eritrea have been fighting for claiming the hegemonic which means the rural
or dominant in a political or social context. The claims in the Horn of Africa
and over “national pride” and territorial integrity.
THE IMPACT OF THE ISSUE TO PEOPLE, ENVIRONMENT AND NATIONAL RELATIONS
PEOPLE
In this era globalization, this
famine issue gives many impacts to the people, environment and also
International Relations. There is a lot of impact that contribute to this issue
of famine that happened in Ethiopia. Disease is a most impact that contribute
to the people of Ethiopia country because of the malnutrition. Most of Ethiopia
citizens suffers from variety of disease because of famine keep on happening in
their country and the worst impact to them is adding it into the number of
deaths too.
According to International Journal of
Health Economics and Policy website they said that, more than 10% of Ethiopia
people was effected by the variety of disease. This is because of chronically
food insecure and this figure also rises to 15% during the drought years. Based
on world food program, they found that there is a long term effects of chronic
malnutrition to the Ethiopia people approximately 16.5%.
ENVIRONMENT
Ethiopia country faced a poor
governance, rampant corruption, lawlessness and many more. This is also
happening to African countries too where political people in Ethiopia country
are very bad because do not have enough and little experiences at all. When this
country facing those kind of issues such as government policies is poor,
corruption, political instability will cause the people that invest in that
country go away from them.
Ethiopia country has their own
unique. Ethiopia also has a lot of natural resources such as gold, potash,
unexploited natural gas or methane, copper, platinum, diamond and etc.
According to the World Bank Group, the statistics of the poorest in Ethiopia
has become poorer than before. This is because of the unstable economic in that
country make all the prices of food increase moderately even it is actually
helping the farmers to improves their income.
Apart from that, another problem
that faced by them is lack of systematic marginalization and persecution of
certain ethnic groups because of the poor government itself. For instance,
there are a single largest ethnic group of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa
facing this unsystematic marginalization and failure government policies from
the Ethiopia country
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
This has been approved by the South Sudan Medical Journal Website, there would not be enough of healthy people to maintain the economy of that country and also including to food security by limits the number the deaths people and labor workforce’s productivity through difficult physical and mental growth. This famine issue will increase the number of emigration in a country. The increases of death and the declined of birth was influenced by famine (Hasell J, 2017)
Another impact of famine issue to the International Relation is politics and famine assistance. The evidence shows that, government of Ethiopia country played an important role in the creation, maintenance and expansion of the famine issue. Sometimes, this famine issue has been used by the government to undermine the traditional agricultural production system.
IGO and NGO that Respond to Famine Crisis in Ethiopia
LIST OF IGOs
(www.un.org, 2018)
The General Assembly (GA) is the main deliberative, policy making and representative organ of the UN.
One of the development goals is to promote the international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights, international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields.
The General Assembly (GA) is the main deliberative, policy making and representative organ of the UN.
One of the development goals is to promote the international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights, international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields.
1. Emergency Response
WFP is currently providing emergency food assistance to 3.3 million
people in the Somali region and the places that shrunken by the drought.
2.0 Nutrition
WFP provides nutrition assistance, particularly in emergency settings,
to 1.6 million vulnerable people, including pregnant women, nursing mothers,
children under 5 and orphans.
3.0 School Meals
the WFP had sponsored school meals since 1994
with an initial pilot project in war-affected zones in Tigray region.
United Nation General
Assembly also had UNICEF Ethiopia which has been operating since 1952.
UNICEF roles are to supports child health and
nutrition, good water and sanitation, quality basic education for all boys and
girls, and the protection of children from violence, exploitation, and AIDS.
1.0 Providing
Essential Drugs
UNICEF have providing the Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS) to cater the diarrhea, respiratory infection and worm diseases that effected
by the child in Ethiopia.
The World Bank is an international organization that
helps emerging market countries reduce poverty.
1.0 Provides Funding
The World Bank President Jim Yong Kim announced
that the World Bank Group is mobilizing an immediate response to the shattering
food insecurity for Ethiopia, Kenya, North-East Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan,
and Yemen.
UNHCR was established as of 1 January 1951 by
the General Assembly of the United Nations. According to its Statute, UNHCR has
two principal functions: to provide international protection to refugees within
its competence and to seek durable solutions for them in co-operation with
governments.
1.0 “Humanitarian Corridor”
Humanitarian Corridor program established by the
Italian government in partnership with several NGOs as well as the Ethiopian
refugee agency and UNHCR. the “Humanitarian Corridor” had brought the
refugees to Italy from Ethiopia.
THE NGO
IRC had started working in Ethiopia since the year of
2000 where there are nearly 740,000 refugees in the Ethiopia. The missions of
IRC is to help people whose lives and livelihoods are shattered by conflict and
disaster to survive, recover and gain control of their future.
Legal Aspect of the Issue
LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE ISSUE
Problems can be complex, but solutions must be easy if they are going to be comprised, implemented and solved the problem and also prevent this issue happen again. (Bruce Campbell, 2015)
4.1 Refugee protection
Refugee’s protection in the country is offered within the framework of these international and national refugee laws as well as the essential international human rights treaties that have been approved by the country. (www.refworld.org,2018)
4.2 Right to food under International Humanitarian Law
International humanitarian law ensures that minimum food security protections for non-combatants during times or armed conflict and occupation. Breaches of humanitarian law can associate state duty to respond to famine crises domestically and to avoid causing harm to citizens of other countries. (Renee Dopplick, 2009)
4.3 Right to Food under International Human Rights Law
The right to food is also recognized in other international conventions protecting specific groups, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination. According to Renee Dopplick, 2009, human rights law guarantees basic survival needs.
4.4 Treaties between Ethiopia and United States
United States help Ethiopia to reducing famine vulnerability, hunger, and scarceness and emphasizes economic, governance and social sector policy improvements.
4.4.1 Agriculture and Food Security
4.4.2 Health and Nutrition
4.4.3 Policy and Institutional Development
4.5 Short and long term programs
thousand of water wells were ruined, clinics and health centres were set up, plough oxen and other agricultural will be implements and distributed to the affected population. (Ben Parker, 1995)
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)